LINKERS

LINKERS / CONNECTORS

Los conectores o conjunciones son palabras que usamos para unir dos o más frases o dos palabras dentro de la misma oración. Aquí tienes los conectores más comunes agrupados en categorías.

Order

First parragraph

At first sight: A primera vista
First: En primer lugar
First of all: Antes que nada
In the first place: En primer lugar
To start with: Para empezar

Second parragraph

In the second place: En segundo lugar
Second: Segundo
Secondly: En segundo lugar
Third: Tercero
Thirdly: En tercer lugar

Conclusion

Finally: Por último
In conclusion: Para concluir
Lastly: Por último
And eventually: Y finalmente

Expressing facts

Actually: en realidad
As a matter of fact: de hecho
In fact: de hecho
Really: en realidad

Expressing a personal opinion

As far as I am concerned por lo que a mí respecta
From my point of view desde mi punto de vista
I agree estoy de acuerdo
I disagree no estoy de acuerdo
In my opinion en mi opinión
In my view según lo veo
I think that creo que
It is true that es verdad que
Personally personalmente
To be honest, para ser honesto
To tell the truth, a decir verdad

Summarizing

All in all: en suma

In brief: en resumen

In conclusion: Para concluir             In short: en resumen

On the whole: en general                 To sum up: Para resumir

Explain

That is (to say): es decir
In other words: en otras palabras
In short: en resumen
Above all: sobre todo

All in all: en general

At least: al menos

Basically: básicamente, fundamentalmente

Specially: especialmente, sobre todo

Essentially: esencialmente

In general: en general

In particular: en particular

More or less: más o menos

On the whole: en general

To a certain extent: hasta cierto punto

Contrast

All the same: a pesar de todo
However: sin embargo
Instead of: en vez de
In spite of / despite: a pesar de
Nevertheless: no obstante
On the contrary: por el contrario
Whereas / while: mientras
Though / although: aunque

·        But / yet (pero): followed by a noun phrase or a sentence. 

The book is short but / yet interesting’

• In spite of / despite (en lugar de): It is placed at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence. Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase. 

He arrived on time despite / in spite of getting up late’

·        Although / though (aunque)/ even though / in spite of the fact that: followed by a complete sentence. They can be placed at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence. If it is placed at the beginning we need to use a comma after the clause.  Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a sentence. 

  ‘Although / though / even though / in spite of the fact that the pupils had not studied, they all passed their exams’. 

·          However (sin embargo), nevertheless, even so, on the one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary: 

‘He was quite ill however/ nevertheless/ even so, he went to school’

However / Nevertheless / Still / Yet / Even so / On the contrary / In contrast. Introduce a new idea which marks a contrast with previously stated ideas. Introduced by a comma. 

 On the one hand ... On the other hand. Links two contrasting ideas / paragraphs. 

In contrast to / Contrary to. Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase. 

• While, whereas   

‘This film is very interesting, while/whereas that one is quite boring’  

  Whereas Link two contrasting ideas. Not separated by commas. 

Reason and cause

Because of + noun: a causa de
Due to + noun: debido a
Due to the fact that + sentence: debido a que
For this / that reason:  por esta / esa razón
Owing to + noun: debido a
Owing to the fact that + sentence: debido a que

• Because / As / Since / Seeing that Introduce a sentence. Subordinate sentences introduced by because always appear in final position. 
• Because of / On account of / Owing to / Due to. Introduce a noun phrase. 
• Because of / on account of / owing to / due to the weather, we stayed at home’
• Because, as since, seeing that:  

‘Because / as / since / seeing that it’s late, we should go home’ 

    ‘

Purpose

• In order to / So as to/ So that: Introduce an infinitive of purpose. Introduce a sentence. 

• In order to, so as to, to:  ‘She uses her video in order to / so as to / to record TV programmes’ 

Consequence

• Consequently / As a consequence / As a result / Therefore   
•  As a consequence of / As a result of Followed by a noun phrase. 
• So Introduces a sentence. No commas.   

Addition.   Adding information

Apart from: Aparte de
In addition: Además
In addition to: Además de
What’s more: Además; lo que es más
Moreover: Además
On top of that: Además
Besides: Además
On the one hand: Por una parte
On the other hand: Por otra parte
And eventually: Y finalmente/eventualmente

·        Moreover / Furthermore / In addition / Besides / What's more Used after a strong pause and separated from the sentences. They are introduced by a comma. 

    . ‘In addition to soul music, she likes rap’ 

·        As well as / In addition to / Besides Used to add  one more piece of information. Followed by a noun phrase. 

·        Apart from, except for: ‘Apart from English, she speaks French’.

. Exemplification.  Exemplifying

And so on: etcétera

For example: por ejemplo

For instance: por ejemplo

Such: as tal(es)como

For example / For instance Introduces an example referring to previously stated ideas. 

     Such as Introduces an example referring to the last idea.

     ‘Vegetables are a good source of vitamins: for example / for instance, oranges have vitamin C’ 

Result

As a result: como resultado
Because of: a causa de
Consequently: en consecuencia
So: por lo tanto
That's why: por eso, por esa razón...
Therefore: por lo tanto

·         As a result of:  ‘As a result of his brave action, he was awarded a military medal. 

·        Therefore, as a result, consequently, for this reason: ‘Consequently / for this reason, it always passes its annual road test’. 

Succession Sequencing

After that: después de eso

All of a sudden: de repente

Finally: Finalmente

First of all: En primer lugar

In the end: al final

In the meantime: mientras tanto

Meanwhile: mientras tanto

Next: luego

Suddenly: de repente

Then: entonces, después

While: mientras

·        First of all / Firstly / To begin with / First …. 

·        Second / Secondly / Then … 

·        Third / Thirdly / After that...

·        The next stage … 

·        Finally / in short / to sum up / in conclusion / lastly / last but not least…  

  

Copulativos and, not only … but also …, not only … but … as well, both … and …, no sooner … than
Disyuntivos or, either … or …, neither … nor …, whether … or …, else, otherwise

 Condicionales if, whether, unless, provided, providing, as long as, in case, in case of

Concesivos although, though, even though, even if, despite, in spite of, not even if, regardless of

Conclusivos therefore, hence, thus, so, consequently

Continuativos then, moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition to

Adversativos but, however, nonetheless, yet, still, on the other hand, instead, instead of, on the contrary

Causales because, for, because of, as a result of, due to, owing to, since, as

Comparativos as, as … as …, not as … as …, not so … as …, just as … so …, as if, as though

Funcionales so, so that, so as to, so as not to, in order to